The Libyphoenician Cities in 218 B.C.

The Libyphoenician Cities — Carthage.

The old Phoenician city-states strung along the coasts of Africa, Tripolitania, Numidia, Mauretania and southern Iberia — many of them, like Utica and Gadir, older than Carthage herself. These were not provinces but Libyphoenician allies: self-governing, Punic in language and cult, bound to Carthage by treaty to furnish tribute, ships and men. In 431 BC they had been her partners; by 218 they were the maritime spine of her empire.